# Risk Parameters

Each asset in the Aave protocol has specific values related to their risk, which influences how they are loaned and borrowed. The table below shows a summary of the latest values.

 Name Symbol Collateral Loan To Value Liquidation Threshold Liquidation Bonus Stablecoins ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Binance USD BUSD no - - - DAI DAI yes 75% 80% 5% Synthetix USD SUSD no - - - True USD TUSD yes 75% 80% 5% USDC USDC yes 75% 80% 5% Tether USDT no - - - Other Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic Attention Token BAT yes 60% 65% 10% Enjin ENJ yes 55% 65% 10% Ethereum ETH yes 75% 80% 5% Kyber Network KNC yes 60% 65% 10% Aave AAVE yes 50% 65% 10% Chainlink LINK yes 65% 70% 10% Decentraland MANA yes 60% 65% 10% Maker MKR yes 50% 65% 10% Republic Protocol REN yes 50% 65% 10% Augur REP yes 35% 65% 10% Synthetix SNX yes 15% 40% 10% Uniswap UNI yes 40% 65% 15% Wrapped BTC WBTC yes 60% 65% 15% Yearn YFI YFI yes 40% 65% 15% 0x ZRX yes 60% 65% 10%

The table above results from the asset risk assessment relating to security, governance and the markets. Tokens with security concerns around their smart contract cannot be considered for integration since these risks are impossible to control. Similarly, tokens which risk exposure to single counter-parties cannot be used as collateral.

# Risk Parameters Change

When market conditions change, risks change, and so we are continuously monitoring the assets integrated into the protocol which sometimes requires to quickly adapt the risk parameters. The table below tacks parameters changes which are in bold.

 Date Asset LTV Liquidation Threshold Liquidation Bonus Comment 21/10/2020 MKR 50% 65% 10% Decreased volatility 21/10/2020 TUSD 75% 80% 5% Following review of the smartcontracts 22/07/20 LEND 50% 65% 10% LEND can not be borrowed due to migration incoming 16/07/2020 LEND 50% 65% 10% Improved risk parameters 16/07/2020 SNX 15% 40% 10% New Collateral 16/07/2020 ENJ 55% 65% 10% New Asset 16/07/2020 REN 50% 65% 10% New Asset 19/06/2020 TUSD 1% 80% 5% Unaudited Update

# Risk Parameters Analysis

The risk parameters allow to mitigate market risks of the currencies supported by the protocol. Each loan is guaranteed by a collateral that may be subject to volatility. Sufficient margin and incentives are needed for the loan to remain collateralized in adverse market conditions. If the value of the collateral falls bellow a threshold, part of it is auctioned to repay part of the loan and keep the ongoing loan collateralized.

## Collaterals

USDT, sUSD and SNX are strongly exposed to the risk of single point of failure in their governance. Their counter-party risk is too high both in terms of centralization and trust. For this reason, we cannot consider them to be warrant of the solvency of the protocol. USDT, sUSD and SNX cannot be used as collateral. Similarly, BUSD is fairly new with few transactions. This leads to a high smart contract risk, so it is excluded as collateral.

Overall, stablecoins are mostly used for borrowing, while volatile assets which users are long on are mostly used as collateral. Hence, the users of the protocol still gain great benefits from the addition of these stablecoins. Their risks are mitigated by the fact they cannot be used as collateral.

Market risks can be mitigated through Aave’s risk parameters which define collateralization and liquidation rules. These parameters are calibrated per currency to account for the specific risks identified as shown in Figure 2.

## Loan to Value

The Loan to Value (LTV) ratio defines the maximum amount of currency that can be borrowed with a specific collateral. It’s expressed in percentage: at LTV=75%, for every 1 ETH worth of collateral, borrowers will be able to borrow 0.75 ETH worth of the corresponding currency. Once a loan is taken, the LTV evolves with market conditions.

## Liquidation Threshold

The liquidation threshold is the percentage at which a loan is defined as undercollateralized. For example, a Liquidation threshold of 80% means that if the value rises above 80% of the collateral, the loan is undercollateralized and could be liquidated.

The delta between the Loan-To-Value and the Liquidation Threshold is a safety cushion for borrowers.

## Liquidation Bonus

Bonus on the price of assets of the collateral when liquidators purchase it as part of the liquidation of a loan that has passed the liquidation threshold.

## Health Factor

For each loan, these risks parameters enable the calculation of the health factor:

$H_f = \frac{ \sum{Collateral_i \: in \: ETH \: \times \: Liquidation \: Threshold_i}}{Total \: Borrows \: in \: ETH \: + \: Total \: Fees \: in \: ETH}$

When $H_f < 1$ the loan is undercollaterized, it may be liquidated to maintain solvency as described in the diagram below.

## From Market Risks to Risk Parameters

Market risks are assessed on 3 levels which have different effects on the risk parameters:

### Liquidity

The liquidity is based on the volume on the markets, which is key for the liquidation process. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the lower the liquidity, the higher the incentives.

### Volatility

The volatility of price can negatively affect the collateral which safeguards the solvency of the protocol and must cover the loan liabilities. The risk of the collateral falling below the loan amounts can be mitigated through the level of coverage required, the Loan-To-Value. It also affects the liquidation process as the margin for liquidators needs to allow for profit.

The less volatile currencies are the stablecoins followed by ETH, they have the highest LTV at 75%, and the highest liquidation threshold at 80%.

The most volatile currencies REP and LEND have the lowest LTV at 35% and 40%. The liquidations thresholds are set at 65% to protect our users from a sharp drop in price which could lead to undercollaterization followed by liquidation.

### Market Capitalization

The market capitalization represents the size of the market, which is important when it comes to liquidating collateral. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the smaller the market cap, the higher the incentives.