Risk Parameters
Each asset in the Aave protocol has specific values related to their risk, which influences how they are loaned and borrowed. The table below shows a summary of the latest values.
Name | Symbol | Collateral | Loan To Value | Liquidation Threshold | Liquidation Bonus |
Stablecoins | | | | | |
Binance USD | BUSD | no | - | - | - |
DAI | DAI | yes | 75% | 80% | 5% |
Synthetix USD | SUSD | no | - | - | - |
True USD | TUSD | yes | 1% | 80% | 5% |
USDC | USDC | yes | 80% | 85% | 5% |
Tether | USDT | no | - | - | - |
Other Assets | | | | | |
Basic Attention Token | BAT | yes | 60% | 65% | 10% |
Enjin | ENJ | yes | 55% | 65% | 10% |
Ethereum | ETH | yes | 75% | 80% | 5% |
Kyber Network | KNC | yes | 60% | 65% | 10% |
Aave | LEND | yes | 50% | 65% | 10% |
Chainlink | LINK | yes | 65% | 70% | 10% |
Decentraland | MANA | yes | 60% | 65% | 10% |
Maker | MKR | yes | 35% | 65% | 10% |
Republic Protocol | REN | yes | 50% | 65% | 10% |
Augur | REP | no | 0% | 65% | 10% |
Synthetix | SNX | yes | 15% | 40% | 10% |
Wrapped BTC | WBTC | yes | 60% | 65% | 15% |
0x | ZRX | yes | 60% | 65% | 10% |
The table above results from the asset risk assessment relating to security, governance and the markets. Tokens with security concerns around their smart contract cannot be considered for integration since these risks are impossible to control. Similarly, tokens which risk exposure to single counter-parties cannot be used as collateral.
When market conditions change, risks change, and so we are continuously monitoring the assets integrated into the protocol which sometimes requires to quickly adapt the risk parameters. The table below tacks parameters changes which are in bold.
Date | Asset | LTV | Liquidation Threshold | Liquidation Bonus | Comment |
29/07/2020 | REP | 0% | 65% | 10% | Due to Augur V2 token migration - integration not planned |
22/07/20 | LEND | 50% | 65% | 10% | LEND can not be borrowed due to migration incoming |
16/07/2020 | LEND | 50% | 65% | 10% | Improved risk parameters |
16/07/2020 | SNX | 15% | 40% | 10% | New Collateral |
16/07/2020 | ENJ | 55% | 65% | 10% | New Asset |
16/07/2020 | REN | 50% | 65% | 10% | New Asset |
19/06/2020 | TUSD | 1% | 80% | 5% | Unaudited Update |
The risk parameters allow to mitigate market risks of the currencies supported by the protocol. Each loan is guaranteed by a collateral that may be subject to volatility. Sufficient margin and incentives are needed for the loan to remain collateralized in adverse market conditions. If the value of the collateral falls bellow a threshold, part of it is auctioned to repay part of the loan and keep the ongoing loan collateralized.
USDT, sUSD and SNX are strongly exposed to the risk of single point of failure in their governance. Their counter-party risk is too high both in terms of centralization and trust. For this reason, we cannot consider them to be warrant of the solvency of the protocol. USDT, sUSD and SNX cannot be used as collateral. Similarly, BUSD is fairly new with few transactions. This leads to a high smart contract risk, so it is excluded as collateral.
Overall, stablecoins are mostly used for borrowing, while volatile assets which users are long on are mostly used as collateral. Hence, the users of the protocol still gain great benefits from the addition of these stablecoins. Their risks are mitigated by the fact they cannot be used as collateral.
Market risks can be mitigated through Aave’s risk parameters which define collateralization and liquidation rules. These parameters are calibrated per currency to account for the specific risks identified as shown in Figure 2.
The Loan to Value (LTV) ratio defines the maximum amount of currency that can be borrowed with a specific collateral. It’s expressed in percentage: at LTV=75%, for every 1 ETH worth of collateral, borrowers will be able to borrow 0.75 ETH worth of the corresponding currency. Once a loan is taken, the LTV evolves with market conditions.
The liquidation threshold is the percentage at which a loan is defined as undercollateralized. For example, a Liquidation threshold of 80% means that if the value rises above 80% of the collateral, the loan is undercollateralized and could be liquidated.
The delta between the Loan-To-Value and the Liquidation Threshold is a safety cushion for borrowers.
Bonus on the price of assets of the collateral when liquidators purchase it as part of the liquidation of a loan that has passed the liquidation threshold.
For each loan, these risks parameters enable the calculation of the health factor:
When the loan is undercollaterized, it may be liquidated to maintain solvency as described in the diagram below.
Market risks are assessed on 3 levels which have different effects on the risk parameters:
The liquidity is based on the volume on the markets, which is key for the liquidation process. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the lower the liquidity, the higher the incentives.
The volatility of price can negatively affect the collateral which safeguards the solvency of the protocol and must cover the loan liabilities. The risk of the collateral falling below the loan amounts can be mitigated through the level of coverage required, the Loan-To-Value. It also affects the liquidation process as the margin for liquidators needs to allow for profit.
The less volatile currencies are the stablecoins followed by ETH, they have the highest LTV at 75%, and the highest liquidation threshold at 80%.
The most volatile currencies REP and LEND have the lowest LTV at 35% and 40%. The liquidations thresholds are set at 65% to protect our users from a sharp drop in price which could lead to undercollaterization followed by liquidation.
The market capitalization represents the size of the market, which is important when it comes to liquidating collateral. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the smaller the market cap, the higher the incentives.
