# Risk Parameters

Each asset in the Aave protocol has specific values related to their risk, which influences how they are loaned and borrowed. The calibration of the parameters for V2 is more aggressive as the Aave ecosystem is mature with some educated users and liquidators. The table below shows a summary of the latest values.

 Name Symbol Collateral Loan To Value Liquidation Threshold Liquidation Bonus Reserve Factor Stablecoins ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Binance USD BUSD no - - - 10% DAI DAI yes 75% 80% 5% 10% Gemini Dollars GUSD no ​ ​ ​ 0% Synthetix USD SUSD no - - - 20% True USD TUSD yes 75% 80% 5% 10% USDC USDC yes 80% 85% 5% 10% Tether USDT no - - - 10% Other Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Aave AAVE yes 50% 65% 10% 0% Basic Attention Token BAT yes 70% 75% 10% 20% Balancer BAL yes 55% 65% 10% 20% Curve DAO CRV yes 40% 55% 15% 0% Enjin ENJ yes 55% 60% 10% 20% Ethereum ETH yes 80% 82.5% 5% 10% Kyber Network KNC yes 60% 65% 10% 20% Chainlink LINK yes 70% 75% 10% 20% Decentraland MANA yes 60% 65% 10% 35% Maker MKR yes 60% 65% 10% 20% Republic Protocol REN yes 55% 60% 10% 20% Synthetix SNX yes 15% 40% 10% 35% Uniswap UNI yes 60% 65% 10% 20% Wrapped BTC WBTC yes 70% 75% 10% 20% Wrapped ETH WETH yes 80% 82.5% 5% 10% Sushi Bar XSUSHI yes 25% 45% 15% 35% Yearn YFI YFI yes 40% 55% 15% 20% 0x ZRX yes 60% 65% 10% 20%

The table above results from the asset risk assessment relating to security, governance and the markets. Tokens with security concerns around their smart contract cannot be considered for integration since these risks are impossible to control. Similarly, tokens which risk exposure to single counter-parties cannot be used as collateral.

To retrieve the relevant values directly from the smart contracts, see this section of the developer docs.

# Risk Parameters Change

When market conditions change, risks change, and so we are continuously monitoring the assets integrated into the protocol which sometimes requires to quickly adapt the risk parameters. The table below tacks parameters changes which are in bold.

# Risk Parameters Analysis

The risk parameters allow to mitigate market risks of the currencies supported by the protocol. Each loan is guaranteed by a collateral that may be subject to volatility. Sufficient margin and incentives are needed for the loan to remain collateralised in adverse market conditions. If the value of the collateral falls bellow a threshold, part of it is auctioned to repay part of the loan and keep the ongoing loan collateralised.

## Collaterals

USDT, BUSD and sUSD are strongly exposed to the risk of single point of failure in their governance. Their counter-party risk is too high both in terms of centralisation and trust. For this reason, we cannot consider them to be warrant of the solvency of the protocol. USDT, BUSD and sUSD cannot be used as collateral.

Overall, stablecoins are mostly used for borrowing, while volatile assets which users are long on are mostly used as collateral. Hence, the users of the protocol still gain great benefits from the addition of these stablecoins. Their risks are mitigated by the fact they cannot be used as collateral.

Market risks can be mitigated through Aave’s risk parameters which define collateralisation and liquidation rules. These parameters are calibrated per currency to account for the specific risks identified as shown in Figure 2.

## Loan to Value

The Loan to Value (LTV) ratio defines the maximum amount of currency that can be borrowed with a specific collateral. It’s expressed in percentage: at LTV=75%, for every 1 ETH worth of collateral, borrowers will be able to borrow 0.75 ETH worth of the corresponding currency. Once a loan is taken, the LTV evolves with market conditions.

For each wallet the maximum LTV is calculate as the weighted average of the LTVs of the collateral assets and their value:

$Max LTV = \frac{ \sum{Collateral_i \: in \: ETH \: \times \: LTV_i}}{Total \: Collateral \: in \: ETH \:}$

## Liquidation Threshold

The liquidation threshold is the percentage at which a loan is defined as undercollateralised. For example, a Liquidation threshold of 80% means that if the value rises above 80% of the collateral, the loan is undercollateralised and could be liquidated.

The delta between the Loan-To-Value and the Liquidation Threshold is a safety cushion for borrowers.

For each wallet the Liquidation Threshold is calculate as the weighted average of the Liquidation Thresholds of the collateral assets and their value:

$Liquidation \: Threshold= \frac{ \sum{Collateral_i \: in \: ETH \: \times \: Liquidation \: Threshold_i}}{Total \: Collateral \: in \: ETH \:}$

## Liquidation Bonus

Bonus on the price of assets of the collateral when liquidators purchase it as part of the liquidation of a loan that has passed the liquidation threshold.

## Health Factor

For each wallet, these risks parameters enable the calculation of the health factor:

$H_f = \frac{ \sum{Collateral_i \: in \: ETH \: \times \: Liquidation \: Threshold_i}}{Total \: Borrows \: in \: ETH}$

When $H_f < 1$ the loan may be liquidated to maintain solvency as described in the diagram below.

## Reserve Factor

The reserve factor allocates a share of the protocol's interests to a collector contract as reserve for the ecosystem. This reserve is new to V2, used to sustain the DAO and pay protocol contributors. It is made out of various assets including AAVE.

Aave's solvency risk is covered by the Safety Module, with the incentives coming from the ecosystem reserve. As such, the Reserve Factor is also a risk premium and so it is calibrated based on the overall risk of the asset. Stablecoins are the less risky assets with lower reserve factor while volatile assets hold more risk with a higher factor.

The collector contract can be found at 0x464c71f6c2f760dda6093dcb91c24c39e5d6e18c.

## From Risks to Risk Parameters

Market risks have the most direct impact on the risk parameters:

### Liquidity

The liquidity is based on the volume on the markets, which is key for the liquidation process. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the lower the liquidity, the higher the incentives.

### Volatility

The volatility of price can negatively affect the collateral which safeguards the solvency of the protocol and must cover the loan liabilities. The risk of the collateral falling below the loan amounts can be mitigated through the level of coverage required, the Loan-To-Value. It also affects the liquidation process as the margin for liquidators needs to allow for profit.

The less volatile currencies are the stablecoins followed by ETH, they have the highest LTV at 75%, and the highest liquidation threshold at 80%.

The most volatile currencies REP and LEND have the lowest LTV at 35% and 40%. The liquidations thresholds are set at 65% to protect our users from a sharp drop in price which could lead to undercollaterisation followed by liquidation.

### Market Capitalisation

The market capitalisation represents the size of the market, which is important when it comes to liquidating collateral. This can be mitigated through the liquidation parameters: the smaller the market cap, the higher the incentives.

### Overall Risk

The overall risk rating is used to calibrate the Reserve Factor with factors ranging from 10% for the less risky assets to 35% for the riskiest.